Household Composition & Population Profile
The surveyed population is characterised by large, young households with a high dependency ratio. Minority IDP families in Daami Camp are significantly larger than the Hargeisa urban average, placing acute pressure on limited resources and services.
Average household size of 5.4 persons is 34% higher than the Hargeisa urban average of 4.0, compounding resource scarcity and overcrowding in makeshift shelters.
62% of the surveyed population is under 18 years of age, indicating a high youth dependency ratio and significant demand for child-focused services including education and nutrition.
38% of households are female-headed, many as a result of male out-migration in search of livelihood opportunities, leaving women as primary caregivers with limited economic agency.
The majority of households (71%) have been displaced for more than three years, indicating protracted displacement and a low likelihood of voluntary return without targeted durable solutions.
Economic Conditions & Employment
Structural barriers — including discrimination, lack of documentation, and limited skills recognition — lock the majority of minority IDP adults out of formal employment. Households rely on precarious casual labour and petty trade, with incomes far below the minimum required for basic needs.
78% of working-age adults are without formal employment. The primary income sources are casual daily labour (44%), petty trade (29%), and begging (14%), all of which are irregular and insufficient.
Median daily household income is estimated at USD 1.20, well below the USD 2.15 international extreme poverty line. 94% of households report being unable to meet basic food needs consistently.
Discrimination in hiring is reported by 67% of respondents who sought formal employment, with employers citing ethnicity and camp address as reasons for rejection.
Only 12% of households receive remittances from family members abroad or in urban centres, and this income is irregular and insufficient to cover basic needs on its own.
Housing Conditions & Tenure Security
The overwhelming majority of households occupy makeshift temporary structures with no tenure security. Seasonal flooding and fire risk are acute, and the absence of formal land rights leaves families vulnerable to repeated displacement.
83% of households live in makeshift structures constructed from plastic sheeting, corrugated iron, and salvaged materials. Only 17% occupy semi-permanent mud-brick structures.
No surveyed household holds formal land tenure or a rental agreement. All occupy land informally, leaving them legally unprotected against eviction and unable to invest in shelter improvements.
41% of households reported that their shelter was damaged or destroyed by flooding in the 12 months prior to the survey, requiring costly repairs or temporary relocation.
Average living space is 2.1 rooms per household of 5.4 persons, resulting in severe overcrowding that increases disease transmission risk and undermines privacy and dignity.
Health Access & Outcomes
Physical distance from health facilities, combined with inability to afford user fees, results in critically low utilisation rates. Maternal and child health indicators are significantly below national averages, and malnutrition is widespread.
The nearest health facility is on average 2.1 km from surveyed households. 58% of respondents cite distance and transport cost as the primary barrier to accessing health services.
Only 34% of children aged 12–23 months are fully vaccinated against the standard EPI schedule, compared to a national average of 61%, indicating a significant immunisation gap.
Only 28% of births in the 12 months prior to the survey were attended by a skilled health worker. The majority of deliveries occur at home without trained assistance, increasing maternal and neonatal mortality risk.
47% of children under five show signs of stunting (chronic malnutrition), and 23% show signs of wasting (acute malnutrition), both significantly above Somaliland emergency thresholds.
School Enrolment & Learning Barriers
Economic pressure, discrimination, and distance are the primary barriers to education for minority IDP children. Enrolment rates are critically low, and those who do attend face significant challenges including language barriers and school fees.
61% of school-age children (6–17 years) are not enrolled in any formal education. The primary barriers cited are school fees (74%), need for children to contribute to household income (52%), and discrimination (38%).
Gender disparity is pronounced at secondary level: while 41% of boys aged 12–17 are enrolled, only 23% of girls in the same age group attend school, reflecting early marriage and domestic labour pressures.
Among enrolled children, 44% report experiencing discrimination or bullying from peers or teachers related to their minority identity, contributing to high dropout rates.
The average distance to the nearest school is 1.8 km. For young children and girls, this distance — combined with safety concerns — is a significant deterrent to enrolment and attendance.
Protection Risks & Discrimination
Nearly half of surveyed households reported experiencing discrimination or exclusion from public services in the past 12 months. Minority IDP communities face compounded vulnerability due to their displacement status, ethnic identity, and lack of documentation.
47% of households reported at least one incident of discrimination or exclusion from public services — including health, education, and water — in the 12 months prior to the survey, based on their minority ethnic identity.
69% of adults lack civil documentation (birth certificates, national ID cards), severely limiting their ability to access services, register children in school, or assert legal rights.
31% of households reported at least one incident of gender-based violence in the past 12 months. Reporting rates to authorities are extremely low (6%) due to fear of retaliation and distrust of formal systems.
Only 8% of households who experienced a protection incident accessed any form of legal aid or formal support. The primary barriers are lack of awareness of available services and fear of stigma.